Durkheim’s Thesis on Social Solidarity in Different Types...

Durkheim’s thesis in regards to social solidarity, based upon his views, which explain individuals influenced by social facts. The social facts he outlined and referred to as a â€Å"thing† (Ritzer, p 185) are the languages spoken, buildings, and ethics. Durkheim viewed social facts being outside of the individual but yet powerful in shaping the individual. Social facts defined as material and nonmaterial. Material social facts visible such as buildings, while nonmaterial social facts difficult to see but as a society we know they exist. The nonmaterial social facts are customs, cultures and norms for any given society (Ritzer, p 188). Social facts according to Durkheim, required research. Durkheim believed studying the nonmaterial†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, Durkheim theorized a different type of solidarity forms through Organic Solidarity. Durkheim utilized biology analogies comparing human society to organisms in science (Sociology Index). Com paring Mechanical Solidarity to Organic Solidarity, diversity is the difference, within Organic Solidarity the division of labor is an evident difference. Within Organic Solidarity individuals experience a weaker bond within society, they experience a stronger sense of self but lack a connection with others (Palumbo et al, 2005). The Organic Society is less punitive, seeking restitution from individuals who violate laws or norms (Ritzer, p 196). Durkheim presented the concept of Anomie within society, which more than likely experienced within Organic Solidarity. Organic Solidarity based upon diversity when depressions, economic crisis and personal upheaval are experienced, the individual living in Organic Solidarity may feel there is no one to talk to, and they may feel isolated and in a sense on their own. In addition, Anomie defined as a breakdown of values, norms and values are convoluted, or not present at all (Durkheim’s Anomie). Durkheim described Anomie as a cond ition where the norms of society no longer influence the individual. Individuals do not identify their place within society, and changes such as economic or personal crisis leads them to unhappiness, depression, conflict within society and perhaps deviance (Durkheim’s Anomie). Anomie isShow MoreRelatedEmile Durkheim’s Notion of Social Solidarity3007 Words   |  13 PagesEmile Durkheim’s Notion of Social Solidarity At the heart of Durkheim’s book of Division of Labor in Society is social solidarity. More than an increase in productive output, social solidarity is deemed to be the most notable effect of the division of labor. Over time, as roles become more distinct and appropriated according to one’s objective, the individuals in a society become more linked to one another. In fact, he tries to make sense of the division of labor as a phenomenon that contributesRead MoreThe Enlightenment : The Age Of Reason1126 Words   |  5 PagesAge of Reason, was an important period in the history of Western Civilization during the 17th and 18th centuries - a time of social turmoil where societies were divided between social groups and struggled for freedom, equality and democracy (Seidman, 2008: 6). This time gave rise to remarkable social thinkers, known as Enlighteners, who pioneered a new science of society (Seidman, 2008: 5). These highly educated Enlighteners believed the world could be rationally understood and organized by applyingRead MoreDurkheim s Theory Of Anomie1936 Words   |  8 PagesDurkheim developed a new methodology that studied social facts and moral questions. This essay will discuss Durkheim’s theory of anomie in societies through the transition from mechanical solidarity to organic solidarity. In the age of modernity, Durkheim understood the division of labour as the initiator of the transition. Durkheim had great success in exploring these questions and theories through his published doctoral thesis. Mechanical solidarity arose with the age of the Enlightenment in theRead MoreA Research Study Of Sociology1708 Words   |  7 Pages Scientists have been looking over groups and societies and observing them for many years. In doing this they were examining individuals of different social classes along with statuses and observing their role in humankind this they labeled as the study of sociology. This evolved into a form of study beginning in the 19th century as scientists began to observe and study differences in social classes among people. 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People like Emile Durkheim and Max Weber both offer their own individual perspective on how the growth of modernity came about and how we have come to understand today’s society. In the 1890s period Emile Durkheim a sociologist, in France watched the transformation of society go from a ‘primitive’ stance into something more complex also known as ‘organic solidarity’. Max Weber aRead MoreThe Sociological Challenges to Religious Belief Essay902 Words   |  4 Pageshow society behaves on a whole, to answer the question, Why are people religious? Durkheim tried to show that religion, despite its importance to the religious individual, was a separate social experience. He defined religion as a unified system of beliefs and practices related to sacred things. Therefore we must understand sacred symbols and what they represent. As a Functionalist, religion maintains social stability by removing tension that can disrupt social Read MoreEmile Durkheim2066 Words   |  9 Pagesclass in 1882. (coser, 1971) Shortly after graduation, he wanted to devote himself to a guidance of the affairs of contemporary society. More so, he wished to make a contribution to the political consolidation of the Third Republic, which in those days was still a fragile and embattled structure. This is when he decided to dedicate himself to the scientific study of society. He decided to construct a scientific sociological system. (coser, 1971) At this time sociology was not a subject taught atRead MoreAvatar: Sociology and Jake Essay1547 Words   |  7 Pagesthe themes inclusion, otherness and social solidarity take place in the movie avatar. All these three themes relate in many different ways to Jake and the atmosphere in the movie itself. The three philosophers that will be discussed are Durkheim, Goffman and Mead. The concepts that are used in this essay are to argue the thesis. Front stage and back stage, self, presentation of self, me and I (the diagram), social inclusion, organic solidarity, mechanical solidarity are the concepts that are arguedRead MoreSociology and Other Sciences7090 Words   |  29 PagesSOCIOLOGY AND OTHER SCIENCES Sociology deals with society [people];how people interact, their culture, norms, values just like other social sciences like psychology, economics, psychology which also deal with people and how they behave, their mental processes. There is also a relationship between sociology and economics which is another social science. economics deals with the production of goods and services and how they are distributed to people just like sociology which also consider how the

Strategic Marketing Plan For A Company s Distribution...

1. The Costs of operating a company’s distribution channels and the ways to manage such costs. Decisions relating to the channels of distribution for a product or service are part of the strategic marketing plan. In that plan, the target market will have been specified along with target levels of market share, market coverage, customer service and so on. The channels of distribution used by an organisation must be capable of assisting in reaching these targets. Moreover, the establishment of a distribution system can take a long time, perhaps several years, and so decisions about the channels of distribution cannot be taken lightly, and have to be taken with a view to the longer term since it is not usually that easy to switch between channels. Strategic planning: Distribution channels must be compatible with the strategic marketing plan. If, for instance, a skimming strategy has been adopted or the product requires technical sales support, then mass marketing is probably inappropriate. Alternatively, if large volume sales are required in order to achieve particular profit targets, then selective distribution would be inappropriate. As new products are introduced, existing channels have to be reassessed since they may not be the right channels for the new product. In some cases, a company will decide not to launch a new product because it does not fit in with existing distribution channels and existing strategy. A few years ago Ciba, the Swiss chemicals company, was lookingShow MoreRelatedMarketing Plan1347 Words   |  6 PagesA marketing plan is the key to business. Its purpose is to maximize the business profits. As opportunities crop up or the business environment changes, the objective and marketing strategies in the plan will aim toward the best action. The marketing plan and the strategic marketing plan fit together in that both are essential for the success of a business. Without a strategic marketing plan, businesses can become uncertain in marketing efforts. The purpose of the strategic marketing plan isRead MoreMarketing Analysis1745 Words   |  7 PagesMarketing Analysis Your name Class Instructor Date Marketing Analysis It takes hard work to create image of the company or brand or products in a given market as noticed by a target market. Whether marketing a piece of merchandise, a service, a company or even a person, positioning is crucial to the success of any product. Positioning of that product is about how you get into the mind of the prospective customer. You must first get into a prospect’s mind and then occupy thatRead MoreVera Bradley s Strategic Plan1644 Words   |  7 Pages1. Evaluate Vera Bradley s strategic plan for 2015-2019. Is it well-defined? Will it likely help the company be more competitive? Why or why not? 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Write a report about the selected product / service. In your report you should include: †¢ Current marketing situation with background data on the market, product, competition, and distribution. Keep this discussion brief. †¢ Market analysis through aRead More Black Decker Essay1572 Words   |  7 Pagesduring the early1980’s. However, due to the maturity of its power tools business and competition from companies joining the global market, BD shifted from a single business firm to a diversified company. Early success with acquisitions such as GE propelled the company to acquire Emhart, a highly diversified manufacturer of industrial products. The acquisition of Emhart is well documented and provides a roadmap for the internal and external challenges and opportunities companies face when attemptingRead MoreMarketing Plan Structure Acc to Jobber1628 Words   |  7 PagesMarketing Plan Contents Introduction: Using the Marketing Planning Framework 1. Terms of Reference 2. Executive Summary 3. 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Assessment and Performance Planning †Free Samples to Samples

Question: Discuss about the Assessment and Performance Planning. Answer: Introduction Since the event of the bushfire in Victoria, many surveys have been done in connection with what happened and what need to be done to curb such house losses in the future. The main questions, which result from the loss rotate, are what are the major conditions, which gave rise to such house losses? Different views have been offered by different experts on what can be done in order to prevent many losses, which result from the bushfires. From the surveys, it is clear that different modes do apply when the bushfire is attacking the house. This is able to result to different levels of damages o the houses (SBS News, 2014). This paper will be able to analyze the lessons which were learnt from the house loss survey in Victoria. In addition, this paper will move into details to the conditions, which gave rise to the house losses and make a conclusion on the state of house survival under the conditions. Lastly, this paper will analyze the final report of the Victorian Royal Commission and a nalyze whether it helps in providing better building and construction conditions to curb such house losses in future in relation to the state and territory rules. Different house loss survey has been conducted since the Victorian fire happen to determine what went wrong to have as such increased house losses in the location from the wildfire. One of the key lesson learnt is that the prevent mechanism on the houses was not meant to cater for the wildfires. It was clear that the construction standards on the location took little account of the risk of the bushfire although the area was known to have such risk. This is a key consideration which should have been made during the construction and ensure proper mechanisms were taken to minimize the house loss in case of the risk happen (SBS News, 2014). The surveys conducted on the houses lost shown that very little was done to minimize such risks on the event of happening. In addition, another key lesson learnt from the wildfire and event is that the warnings about imminent fires or even fire weather and the key advice about evaluations procedures were confusing (Government Printer for the State of Victoria, 2010). This means that the time to come into way forward on the way to handle the fire would be long and thus lead to much damage. On the event of risk occurring, quick resolution methods, which are performed without confusion, are always required to minimize the damages (Leonard and Blanchi, 2005). This was not the case and a lot of damage resulted from the confusion of the mechanisms applied. In addition, the preparation for the disasters is a key mechanism to reduce the amount of losses which are experienced. With proper disaster preparedness, the house losses would have been minimized. The key lesson from the 2009 wildfire and the magnitude of the house loss on the location is that there was no proper disaster preparedness in terms of emergency services command and control. Event with the presence of valiant efforts of the personal and crew efforts in the field to control the loss, the worst of the loss was experienced (Evans, 2009). The preparedness is much experienced with clear guidelines of the individual responsibilities, which are well defined to help attain the supreme charge on the emergency operation. This helps to minimize the key conflict areas since there are guidelines of the personnel in charge (Leonard, Blanchi and Bowditch, 2004). The damage experienced was able to show that the definition of the responsibilities was not clear. The lesson learnt is that the emergency services protocol need to be revised for it to enact well to help minimize the losses, which are experienced. Communication is key when some of the emergency events do occur. The level of the emergency services was tested on this event and it was leant the communication channels were not such clear to curb the damages (The Age, 2014). The communication infrastructure, which composed of the hotline for contacting the emergency services were not working well and this led to failure to have the much anticipated help on time. Moreover, it was leant that the emergency services were not structures to handle such key emergencies even with the Victoria location being classified to be at high risk of the wildfires (Muller, 2015). Moreover, it was even learnt that the media was not even able to have the proper coverage and their alerts were inadequate. In addition, the relevant available services were found to be able to contribute to the increase of the wildfire (Government Printer for the State of Victoria, 2010). The commission analyzing the event found pout that the fault in power cables and the supporting infrastructure, which was supporting the state electricity services, was able to add to the house losses (University of Melbourne, 2013). The defectiveness of these services was a clear indicator that poor work was done and this was able to increase to the amount of loss. It was clear that changes on the amenities provision needed to change and provide better services to the location which will not increase the depth of damages on the location. Conditions giving rise to losses There are conditions, which were alighted and known to have contributed to the increased level of house damage during the event of wild fire. First, the failure to have the proper building construction methods, which were able to take care of the fire risk, was able to give rise to the loss (Wendy Balderstone and Bowan, 2006). The building conditions were a major cause of the loss on the event. The failure to have the best buildings, which were suited to minimize the losses, was able to agitate the amount of house loss which was experienced. From the high level of house loss, which was experienced. It is clear that the building condition need to change and suite the mechanisms, which are able to minimize the house losses. About 2132 homes were lost on the event of the wildfire in Victoria. Most of the homes were not well structured to handle and withstand the fire risk (Douglas and Tan, 2005). This is a mistake, which was done during the construction stage. The chances and building s urvival state was poor on the event of the bushfire and this led to an increase of the house loss on the location. According to authorities, the construction standards on the Victoria location have changed in order to suite the preventive mechanism of such fires (Government Printer for the State of Victoria, 2010). The buildings mechanisms have been in cooperated with mechanisms, which can withstand fire, while the fighting the fire goes on. This key strategy is able to minimize the losses, which are experienced. From the analysis of the bushfire in Victoria, 173 lives were lost while the owners were trying to protect their properties. The understanding of the evacuation strategy was not clear and this led to an increase of the loss of the lives. If the authorities would have provided a mechanism of the fire evacuation, this would have saved the lives of those who moved to protect their properties (Leonard et al., 2005). The building state had low chances of surviving the fire considering the weather condition, which was windy. Therefore engaging the individuals on the fight with fire and consideration of the buildings, which would not withstand the fire, was a wrong move and led to the loss to the lives (Ellis, Kanowski, and Whelan, 2004). The conditions of the buildings at this time tell us that it was impossible to control the fire considering the construction methods used. According to the final report, the building design and town planning are key elements, which are able to contribute t o high property and house loss in case of the wildfire. These are two main factors, which were able to contribute to the high level of fire on the Victoria wildfire. The disasters such as the bushfire need proper preparedness. The unpreparedness or the low preparedness of the organizations and communities in Victoria in relation with dealing with the bushfire lead to the massive loss of the Black Saturday Bushfire (Graham, Faculty of Business and Economics, and University of Melbourne, 2015). With the low level of preparedness to deal with such calamities, the buildings were unable to with stand the fire and therefore led to the increased loss of property. The strategical level of dealing with the risk is a proper way to minimize any loss, which may be experienced. The lack of the authorities to have unclear preparedness method was a clear condition that the losses were aggravated that it could have been done with proper strategy (Government Printer for the State of Victoria, 2010). The strategy employed had a great say on the level which the building were able to survive on the given fire intensity. With the lack of preparedness, the buildings w ere unable to withstand since the fire duration was extended a lot. Analysis of the recommendation by Victorian Royal Commission There are different recommendations which were presented by the Victorian Royal Commission due to the existence of this incident. This are will have a look on the recommendation on the planning and building. This area is able to relate to the curbing of the house loss, which was able to happen. The first recommendation, which this commission was able to come up with, is that the state should identify a central point of responsibility for and expertise in mapping bushfire risk (Government Printer for the State of Victoria, 2010). This would aid the authorities to urgently ensure that mapping of the building which are at risk of fire are identified and the control measures are devised. In addition, this recommendation is meant to ensure that bushfire areas a designated well for the purposes of planning the building and construction methods and control measures. Another key recommendation of the commission is that the state should amend the Victoria Planning Provisions to ensure that the native vegetation is removed around the residential areas for fire protection purposes. This would ensure that there are no factors, which are contributing to an increase in fire, and therefore making the houses more prone to fire. The embers are able to result to most burnt houses from bushfire. The control of vegetation will ensure that this cause is prevented and therefore loss is prevented. In addition, flames from the bushes are able to lead to fire catching the houses (Ellis, Kanowski, and Whelan, 2004). Controlling the vegetation on these areas will help control the house loss due to bushfire. Implementation of this recommendation would work well to control the losses. The state government has tried to implement this but requires more synthetizes on the resident to ensure that the clear the bushes frequently. The authorities need to implement the stra tegy through educating the public and ensure that the same public takes care of its own fire control measures. In addition, another key recommendation the commission came up with is to ensure that the state municipal councils need to adopt bushfire policy in their planning policy framework and in cooperate bushfire risk management planning policies and strategies (McLeod, 2003). These are meant to ensure that the rebuilding of the structures is able to meet the specific standards which can help the buildings withstand the bushfires for a longer duration. The states have enhance the building authorities to implement the construction of the buildings to meet the specific levels for their approval. This is to make sure that the house loss is minimized in case of the bushfire. In addition, the commission recommended the amendment of the objective of AS 3959-2009, Construction of Building in Bushfire prone areas (Standards Australia, 2009). This amendment ensures that the ignition from ember attack is reduced. The state has done the relevant recognition of the rule changes to ensure that the house . Conclusion In conclusion, different lessons on what need to be done in the Bushfire prone areas were largely learnt from Black Saturday Bushfires. The damages and the key precautions, which need to be done, were clearly indicated from this event. Different conditions such as the state of the buildings and the preparedness level of the relevant authorities are cited to be the key promoters of the losses, which were experienced on this day. The Victoria Royal Commission onto this event was able to recommend about 67 recommendation, which would aid the curbing of such losses in future. The state governments have taken up the mandate to implement them and are considering Victoria more safer than before. References GRAHAM, D, FACULTY OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS, AND UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE (November 2015). Learning to learn from bushfires. https://pursuit.unimelb.edu.au/articles/learning-to-learn-from-bushfires ELLIS, S., KANOWSKI, P., WHELAN, R., (2004). National inquiry on bushfire mitigation and management, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra. LEONARD, J.E., BLANCHI, R., AND BOWDITCH, P., (2004). Bushfire impact from a house's perspective. Proceedings Earth Wind and Fire Bushfire 2004 Conference, Adelaide. LEONARD, J. AND BLANCHI, R, (2005). Investigation of bushfire attack mechanisms involved in house loss in the ACT Bushfire 2003. Highett, Vic., CSIRO Manufacturing Infrastructure Technology. Bushfire CRC report. LEONARD, J.E., et al., (2005b). Research and investigation into the performance of residential boundary fencing systems in bushfires. Highett, Vic., CSIRO Manufacturing Infrastructure Technology. Bushfire CRC report. MCLEOD, R., (2003). Inquiry into the operational response to the January 2003 bushfires in the ACT, report, ACT Gov, Canberra, A. C. T. WENDY L, BALDERSTONE S. AND BOWAN, J. (2006). Events That Shaped Australia. New Holland. pp. 154158. ISBN 978-1-74110-492-9. MULLER, D. (2015). Media Ethics and Disasters: Lessons from the Black Saturday Bushfires STANDARDS AUSTRALIA (2009). Australian Standard AS3959 Construction of buildings in bushfire prone areas (incorporating amendments 1, 2 and 3). SAI Global DOUGLAS G. AND TAN Z. (February 2005). Integrating Site Assessment and Performance Planning Outcomes for Bushfire Prone Areas. Paper presented to Planning for Natural HazardsHow Can We Mitigate the Impacts? Symposium. University of Wollongong, 14pp. in vUWS. EVANS R. (July-August 2009). The Lessons of Black Saturday. Quadrant Online. GOVERNMENT PRINTER FOR THE STATE OF VICTORIA, (July 2010). Report of the 2009 Victorian Bushfire Royal Commission. PP No. 332 Session 200610. UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE (February 2013). Lessons from Black Saturday: Improving predictions of extreme fires. https://phys.org/news/2013-02-lessons-black-saturday-extreme.html THE AGE (February 2014). More lessons to learn after Black Saturday. https://www.theage.com.au/comment/the-age-editorial/more-lessons-to-learn-after-black-saturday-20140206-324g7.html SBS NEWS (February, 2014). Black Saturday lessons learned: Reforms inspired by Victoria's Black Saturday royal commission have been credited with saving lives during the state's latest bushfire crisis. https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2014/02/11/black-saturday-lessons-learned

The Sniper - Analysis free essay sample

The Sniper The sniper is a story about a civil war taken place in Dublin. It tells of a republican sniper sitting on a rooftop of a building near to OConnell bridge. The war is between Republicans and the free states. the sniper is one of the fellow of republican, when a free state sniper shows himself on an opposite roof. they were waiting each other to see who would end up the better. Eventually the republican sniper gains the upper hand and after taking a bullet in the arm destroys the worthy opponent. After a curious inspection to the identity of the enemy sniper he finds himself looking into the eyes of his dead brother. The author created a three dimensional and interesting essay using important setting, Diction, and simile that effectively brings the essay in to life. The opening paragraph gives a vivid description of situation as would physically been seen, and gives a brief description of the setting, Also the setting contribute by being the critical component for assisting the story. We will write a custom essay sample on The Sniper Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The place the â€Å"sniper† takes place is in a city called Dublin, the sniper post himself on a rooftop near to the four courts building and O’Connell bridge. By using the word looking it draws the reader’s attention to the eye of the sniper. In addition when â€Å"the sniper looked at his enemy falling and he shuddered† the word of choice on this occasion is very effective as it makes it easy for the reader to imagine the sniper feels. The reader can interpret the word â€Å"shuddered† in several ways. The most obvious way that the reader can interpret this is the sniper got a chill down his back as he watched the body falls to the ground. In addition simile also play a great roll in the effectiveness of the story, for example the author mentioned â€Å"machine guns and refiles broke the silence of the night spasmodically, like dogs barking on lone farm† these sentence makes similarity between firing of machine gun in the night with dog barking on lone farm, which makes the situation to be emphasised. Also the writer used simile after the sniper shot his right arm to emphasise his pen â€Å"his right arm was paining him like a thousand devils†. In both cases simile compare the two ideas indirectly and allow them to remain distinct in spite of their similarities. In general, the setting , choice of words and the way the writer used to point out the similarities between tow things are very effective. These elements are the most crucial devices to create an effect and they are used to help and persuade the reader to agree the view presented in the story.

Re-word the future free essay sample

Faking a smile to mask my ambivalence, I approached a boy sitting alone in the over-crowded cafeteria. I never interacted with a handicapped person before and I didn’t know what to expect. Before my lips could form a greeting Mikey interjected, â€Å"Hi! I can’t wait to have fun with my new buddy.† Stunned by his articulate welcome, he eradicated my stereotypical expectation of the mentally-challenged. Eager to converse, Mikey’s untainted curiosity exposed an engaging dialogue; however, as we entered the hallway our conversation diminished. With each step, his apprehension intensified. The gregarious boy I met twenty minutes ago vanished. Sheepishly reaching for my hand, I subtly ignored his gesture in fear of committing social suicide. Before I could question his change in character I recognized the cause of his recoil. Insensitive cliques of gossipers shouted ominous comments that echoed through the halls, â€Å"Who’s the retarded kid? Did you l ose a bet?† I can’t say this was an epiphany, but it was a transformative moment. We will write a custom essay sample on Re-word the future or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I reflected on its tactless utilization and disparaging effects. Firmly gripping Mikey’s hand we navigated through a swarm of students ignorant to the power of their own words. Retard, a corruption of the word retarded, is a painful stereotype forced upon the mentally-challenged. These six letters plague those battling intellectual disabilities. Said with the intention to insult, retard mocks a handicapped individual’s desire to be accepted in society. They are teased because they can’t comprehend at a pace society deems fit, yet ridiculers ignore the diligence the mentally-handicapped exert to accomplish simple actions that most take for granted. Society distorts the innocuous definition into a pejorative comment that implies insignificance. This way of mocking a friend’s stupidity is hate speech. In an attempt to justify their ignorance, many feel the mentally-handicapped are incapable of deciphering odious comments against them. This populace fails t o realize that the handicapped are more alike than different. They laugh just as loud, dream just as big and smile just as bright as the rest of us; consequently, their pain is just as real. Racial slurs and biased insults have emotional impacts; â€Å"retarded† is no different. Mikey’s reclusive retreat demonstrates that even charismatic individuals can be intimidated by disparaging comments. Millions worldwide guiltily utilize this terminology everyday. Television host, Chelsea Handler, broadens this malignant speech weekly when an estimated 900,000 viewers tune in to her program. Former White House Chief of Staff, Rahm Emanuel, contributed to this dehumanization by calling opponents of â€Å"Obama-care† â€Å"retards†. Dehumanizing language has the power to stigmatize those with cognitive and developmental disabilities. It is of paramount importance that the label retard is eradicated from the dictionary as well as our minds. The mentally-challenged are more than just a word; they are a part of our community. Society has made great strides in eliminating many forms of hate speech; for Mikey’s sake it is time to spread a new â€Å"r-word†: respect. We may not be able to re-write the past, but we can re-word the future.

Affects of Video Games

Affects of Video Games Free Online Research Papers From Atari to Nintendo to now Playstation 3, video game systems have develop into some of the greatest past time games to play alone or with friends. The generation of the 21st century have made video game companies one of the riches people due to sales and increase of popularity. Parents don’t mind buying video games for their kids and have no problem with it but there are a side of video games that is not being revealed. Although video games are fun and entertaining, companies and parents need to re-evaluate the way they affect gamers behaviorally, mentally, and learning abilities. Some say that video games have minimal impact on young teenagers behavior,pointing out that most video-game players live completely normal lives. But this has not yet been proven by anybody in black and white, therefore, just because a player does not immediately imitate specific violent acts found in video games does not mean the games will have no long-term negative impact on that player’s views and behavior. Because of this possibility, parents should assume responsibility for evaluating video games and should prohibit young teenagers from purchasing those that are especially violent. Some parents tend to buy these video for their children even though they are not old enough to buy or play them. Children play these games all the time and the video games get locked into their heads and think that it is ok to repeat these actions. In addition, playing violent video games adversely affects psychological health by actually addicting players to its entertainment. One of the most troubling influences videogames have on players is the medium’s remarkable ability to fixate a player’s attention or, to borrow psychologist Sherry Turkle’s term, its â€Å"holding power† (30), a state well illustrated in Fig. 1. Addictive reactions in the body can be linked to some of the visual and aural signals found in video gamessignals that cause the eyes, for example, to stop blinking for extended periods. This phenomenon triggers the release of dopamine, a neurotransmitter thought by some to be the â€Å"master molecule of addiction† (Quittner). Is this chemical association the reason forty out of the fortyseven top-rated Nintendo games have violence as their theme (Cesarone)? The video-game industry, however, claims that it can censor itself with its own labels. Its goal, of course, is to prevent restrictive legislation that would cost it â€Å"hordes of young gamers† (Boal, â€Å"One Step†). The makers of Kingpin, a particularly violent game, have tried to protect the sale of their game by declaring that it was never intended for young audiences. Besides the pressure from peers and teachers in school, some adolescents have trouble maintaining a good standard in school. In some cases it may be that their learning abilities need extra attention, trouble at home or even the affect of video games effecting their brain by struggling with concentration on school instead of video games. Video games do not help adolescents learn the proper way or the right things they need to know. For instance, Games that mimic military combat training not only encourage brutality but also totally ignore teaching players about restraintone more reason violent games should be offlimits. These games are making the military look very bad and give the sense that this is what the military is about. Military combat games should show examples of how the military is not only about war and fighting. This is like all other games that show killing like Zoom, Grand theft Auto, or any others. These game is basically all about fighting, killing, stealing, and eve rything else in between that should not be display in games to kids and young teenagers. Parents should view these games or do some research on them before giving them to their children. They should even remember that video games have the ratings on them like Rated R, Pg 13, or PG. All ratings should be taken into consideration and parents should know that their kids cant play every game out there and that they are restricted to what they can play. Parents should not accept violence as entertainment in gamesand they should not think that such violence can’t affect the way their children look at the world and at other human beings. Video games are not the only contributing factor to society’s tendencies toward violence, but they are having an influence. For this reason, we all must take responsibility for the way we use video games. Cesarone, Bernard. â€Å"Video Games and Children.† Parenthood.com Jan. 1994. 12 Sept. 2004 . Quittner, Joshua. â€Å"Are Video Games Really So Bad?† Time 10 May 1999. 10 Sept. 2004 . Turkle, Sherry. Life on the Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet. New York: Simon, 1995. Research Papers on Affects of Video GamesThe Hockey GameEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyTrailblazing by Eric AndersonCapital PunishmentThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseHip-Hop is ArtStandardized TestingRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm X

The Debate on Capital Punishment in Canada Essay

The Debate on Capital Punishment in Canada - Essay Example e history of capital punishment in Canada dates back to 1749 when Peter Cartcel was hanged to death after he was convicted of the murder of one person and injuring two other people (Matthiassen, MÃ ¶ller and Forsman, 2003.). That act became the beginning of capital punishment in Canada and has remained in the law books of the country since then. But looking at the fact that the life of a person is the most expensive treasure that any one can possess, I oppose the capital punishment, which prescribes that those who take life must have their lives taken. From a legal perspective, am against capital punishment in Canada because people can be accused wrongly of the murder of other people and once death penalty is prescribed for such people, it will not be possible to restore their lives after they are latter found to be innocent. There remain several accounts in the legal system of Canada whereby people who have been convicted of murder cases have appealed their cases and own (SacKinnon, 1999). This means that any hasty decisions and actions that were taken to prescribe the capital punishment for these people would have deprived these people forever and there would have been no means of reversing their judgment. Meanwhile, the laws of the land demand that all people who are accused of cases have the right to appeal in higher courts of hearing (Mathiassen and Ahsberg, 2009,). Essentially, any person who is given the capital punishment and eventually executed will be denied that precious right to appeal. What is more, the laws are very silent on the number of years within which a person may appeal his or her judgment. Therefore, if people who are accused of murder are speared their lives, they will be in a better position to benefit from the law of appeal in many years to come so that they can have criminal charges leveled against them reversed. On humanitarian grounds, there can virtually be no argument that supports the killing of human life as the human life is very

Introduction to computers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Introduction to computers - Essay Example A hybrid network system incorporates both peer-to-peer needs as well as client server needs while at the same time reducing the cost of setup. In this network system, a server will be setup as well as personal computers (mini computer) setup as a client computer to facilitate access to the server. The integration of the two types of networks ensures security flexibility and prepares the company for expansion to in case it grows into a bigger corporation. With this type of network, access to the server and the company’s information requires an account and permissions from the network administrator. A software package to be acquired. To facilitate the proper running of this network system both system software and application software are required. The system software – which essentially will be windows 7 since it’s the most recent and stable version – controls all the hardware and the application software present. To guard the computer system against unautho rized access, malicious attacks, and spyware, firewall applications have to be installed. This antivirus should be able to detect and block unauthorized access to the computer system information. The best player in the market to fully protect CAL’s information is Kaspersky internet security. This is the best since it protects the system in real time. Word processing software is essential for creating, editing and formatting the company’s documents and hence it must as well be installed in the computers to facilitate these operations. As at the moment, the best word processor software is from Microsoft (MS word) which has all this functionalities plus many more. Furthermore accounting software and accounting system needs to be installed on the server to mange the inventory of the company. The based system being the web –based inventory management system Additional hardware to be attached to the CPU To enable printing of documents, printers must be attached to the CPU2. Sharing of this printer should be enabled to facilitate access by every member user of a client computer. Also, visual display units must be attached

Poetry Analysis Essay Example for Free

Poetry Analysis Essay Introduction Name of poem Home Burial Name of poet Robert Frost Date of publication 1915 Other relevant background info This poem talks about Living, Death, sorrow and grieving, Relationships and Familly And ancestors. It is full of sadness and grief. During it’s publication it is presented as a whole new genre of poetry. Two deaths were depicted in the poem, that of a child and an end up of marriage. The poem deals with essential loneliness. This poem is brought up by his experience of losing his two children at a very young age. One of his son, committed suicide. Form of poem It is a free verse; Dramatic Lyric Structure of poem The Poem has no rhyme scheme yet it have noticeable number of stresses per lines. Lines spoken by people are enclosed in quotation marks and thus recognized as such. It also used emotional or tense form of words Rhyme scheme No rhyme scheme Meaning Overall Meaning Each of us has its own destiny. Decision making takes a big role in human life as such it will dictate the future of a person. Though we may not have the privilege or the ability to see our future, we can rely that in every action there is a reaction. It is said that Frost took the road less taken but in reality all of us travel in this very road and that is life, the run of life. All fo us run the same cycle. How the poem relates to life in general, and/or my life In decision making, we should take into consideration the effects it will burst forth and that what ever the result, I must be ready to embrace the consequence whether good or bad. Alliteration ‘I shall laugh the worst laugh I ever laughed To give of the best. To perform as if it will be the last. To smile at least there’s no tomorrow.

The Examples Of Operating Systems Computer Science Essay

The Examples Of Operating Systems Computer Science Essay Today, people rely on so many kinds of technology. For instance, people use computers for research, school related, pleasure, and to communicate with their friends. People use other technologies like Bluetooth, GPS, etc for their own needs. Basically, our world is evolving around technology; without it, then the citizens will go insane thus their lives would be difficult. The main topic discussed would be operating systems. People like to use computers, but the thing is some do not know what is behind it; how do operating systems evolve and help individuals see something spectacular rather than something blank and dull. Operating system is a software component of a computer system that is responsible for the management of various activities of the computer and the sharing of computer resources. It hosts the several applications that run on a computer and handles the operations of computer hardware (Oak). Operating system handles and deals with the output devices (a monitor), input devices (keyboard and mouse), and peripheral devices (a printer). Basically, it makes sure that the operating system identifies the input devices, displays the output devices, and controls the peripheral devices. In larger systems, operating system checks to see different programs and users running at the same time do not interfere with each other (Webopedia: Online Computer Dictionary for Computer and Internet Terms and Definitions.). In addition, it makes sure that unauthorized users do not access the system (Webopedia: Online Computer Dictionary for Computer and Internet Terms and Definitions.). Operating system acts li ke a security guard for the larger systems. Examples of operating systems are Disk Operating System (DOS), Windows, MacOS, and UNIX. Different types of operating system are as follow: Embedded system, Real-time Operating System, Multi-user Operating Systems, Multi-tasking Operating Systems, and Distributed Operating Systems. Embedded systems are mostly for personal digital assistant (PDA) like mobile devices; they are compact and efficient. A couple examples of embedded operating systems are Minix 3 and Windows CE. Real-time Operating System likes to multitask and use algorithms, and they have a quick and immediate respond to inputs. Multi-user Operating Systems allows more than one user to access the computer and runs various programs. Multi-tasking Operating Systems are when various programs run at one time. Windows 95 is an example of this operating system. Distributed Operating System manages a group of computers and makes them emerge into one computer. Those are the different types of operating systems (Oak). History of Operating Systems Throughout history, mainframe operating systems evolve and led to so many different kinds of operating system such as UNIX, Window, and MacOs. Without this, then different kinds of operating system will not be created, and many people today will have difficulties obtaining the information they need. In order to begin this, mainframe operating system started around the 1950s right before desktop computers and laptops were created. As computer programs became difficult to use, and the hardware of the computer became less expensive, computer engineers tried to figure out ways for the computer to adapt to the same and various types of programs. Based on that, they created the mainframe operating system. Mainframe operating system process large amounts of information and support a great number of users (WiseGEEK: Clear Answers for Common Questions.). This powerful device was used before and currently today by businesses, corporations, and governments because they needed a machine that could handle large databases for use or storage, large bandwidth, and reliability. When mainframe operating system was first created, they did not have any input devices (keyboard, nor mouse). Their input was through cards with holes punched into them; the holes being poke were the sign of data being entered. After that, the operating system read the cards and then transfers them into binary (1s0s), so it could be understood by compu ters. The most popular mainframe operating system was the OS/360. It was created at the end of 1965 by International Business Machines (IBM); its goal was to compute various lines of hardware. IBM wants to merge these separate lines into one product and developed a new way of thinking about the commonalities amongst processes they were previously thought to irreconcilable (Lunny). Examples of mainframe operating systems were: z/OS, z/VM, z/VSE, Linux for System z, z/TPF. z/OS was designed to offer security, constant, and availability for applications running on the mainframe. z/OS gets work done by dividing it into pieces and giving portions of the job to various system components and subsystems that function interdependently (IBM). z/VM (Virtual Machine) runs different operating systems such z/OS, z/VSE, Linux for System, z/TPF in the virtual machines. Basically z/VM could run combination of guest systems. z/VSE (Virtual Storage Extend), known as DOS, ran routine production workloads consisting of multiple batch jobs and extensive, traditional transaction processing (IBM). Link for System z used ASCII characters and traditional count key data, and z/TPF (Transaction Processing Facility) was used by airline reservation systems and credit card companies for high transaction volume. Those were examples of mainframe operating systems (IBM). Examples of Operating System: UNIX Based on the mainframe operating systems, it led to many different types of operating systems. One example of an operating system would be UNIX. UNIX was created by one of the Bell Labs member, Kenneth Thompson in 1969. This was intended for programmers to access the computer at the same time and share its resources (Alcatel Lucent). UNIX controls the commands from the keyboard, and the data being generated. Also, it permits each user to believe he or she is the only person working on the computer (Alcatel Lucent). This operating system became so powerful that industries, governments, businesses, and so forth wanted this operating system. This idea became popular in the programming and scientific communities. Based on this superior operating system, its features were: Multitasking capability, multiuser capability, portability, UNIX programs, and Library of application software. One of the features, multitasking, allows a computer to do several things. For instance, this operating system allows a person to create a document while the other run spell check, and the other one editing a document. Another feature, multiuser, allows users to access the same document by compartmentalizing the document so that the changes of one user dont override the changes of another user (Alcatel Lucent). Portability is another feature that moves a brand of computer to another with a code of changes. This helps the operating system to be upgraded without the customer inputting the data. Library of application is another feature that can be purchased from third-party vendors, so they can use it (Alcatel Lucent). UNIX comes from several programs (at least 100 and more); they can be divided into two classes. The two classes are integral utilities and tools; Integral utilities are necessary for the operation of the computer, such as the command interpreter (Alcatel Lucent). Another class is the tools; it provides the person with additional capabilities, such as typesetting capabilities and e-mail (Alcatel Lucent). Basically, tools could be removed or added whether if the applications are required or not. That is the final feature of the Unix Program. UNIX communication came a long way before the development of the World Wide Web. It first allowed people to communicate with each by email at the same terminals. Then users at different machines were connected, so they could communicate too. As a result, they link around the world into the World Wide Web, so it made it easier for other users to communicate. The UNIX is organized at three levels; they are the kernel, the shell, and the tools and applications. The kernel, schedules tasks and manages storage (Alcatel Lucent) and are controlled by programmers command. Meaning they can tell the system to shut off or on. In the kernel level, it tells the computer to read the files, and then display the files on the screen. The shell connects and interprets users commands, calls programs from memory, and executes them (Alcatel Lucent) allowing the output of a program to become the input of another program. The tools and application offer additional functionality to the operating system (Alcatel Lucent). That is how UNIX is organized at those three levels. Example of Operating System: Windows Another example of an operating system is Microsoft Windows. Windows came a long way, and the features that people see today were not like that in the past. In 1975, Paul Allen and Bill Gates saw an article regarding about the MITS Altair 8800 (a microcomputer). They had a better idea and decided it was their time to do something about it. Based on that, they developed and formed Microsoft Corporation in 1975. On November 20, 1985, Microsoft launched Windows 1.0. This was the first display screen where you could use your mouse, type, and see the screen. According to Bill Gates, he said, It is unique software designed for the serious PC user (Windows Home Microsoft Windows). They also have icons, scroll bars, drop-down menus for people to understand, learn, and be able to use it. Some of the programs included are Notepad, Paint, MS-DOS file management, clock, etc; also they have a game called Reversi (Windows Home Microsoft Windows). Microsoft Windows 2.0 was released on December 9, 1987; this includes expanded memory and provided desktop icons. Having the graphics to be better improved, you could overlap windows, control the screen layout, and use keyboard shortcuts to speed up your work (Windows Home Microsoft Windows). Also, the taskbar was removed; the utilities and the program are still the same. Intel 286 was designed for Window 2.0. Overall, Windows continue to develop better speeds, usability, and reliability of the PC. In addition of this creation, Control Panel was born (Windows Home Microsoft Windows). During 1990 to 1994, Microsoft launched two more operating systems; they were Windows 3.0 and Windows NT. Window 3.0 was released on May 22, 1990 followed by Windows 3.1 in 1992. Windows 3.0 had better performance, advanced graphics with 16 colors, and improved icons (Windows Home Microsoft Windows). In addition, with the Intel 386, the programs ran a little bit faster. Print Manager, Program Manager, and File Manager started to appear in Windows 3.0; with this operating system rapidly growing, it released software development kit (SDK). This helped software developers focus on writing programs rather than writing device drivers. Games such as Hearts, Solitaire, and Minesweeper came along too. Another operating system that launched in 1990 to 1994 was Windows NT; it was released on July 27, 1993. This however, provided a 32-bit operating system generally for business platform, and Windows NT represents a fundamental change in the way that companies can address their business computi ng requirements (Windows Home Microsoft Windows). On August 24, 1995, Microsoft launched Windows 95. It sold about seven million copies by the end of the fifth week. With this creation, it led to the start menu, close, maximize, and minimize, and taskbar in Windows 95. This helped included Plug and Play capabilities that made it easy to install hardware and software (Windows Home Microsoft Windows). Based on this, Internet Explorer (the first version) was created; this was basically the new online world and people could email each other (Windows Home Microsoft Windows). In 1998 to 2000, Microsoft released Windows 98, Windows 2000, and Windows Me. Windows 98 was released on June 25, 1998; this operating system was described as an operating system that works better, play betters (Windows Home Microsoft Windows). You could find information much easier on your pc, and you could open or close programs much quicker. Another benefit was, you could read DVD discs, and have universal serial bus (USB) devices. One feature that came into appearance was the quick launch bar; this made it easier to run programs without browsing at your desktop, or the start menu. Windows 2000 came along during February 2000; this improved reliability, ease of use, Internet compatibility, and support for mobile computing (Windows Home Microsoft Windows). Also, it provided variety of new plug and play hardware, wireless products, USB devices, etc. Windows Me was released on September 2000; this provided video, music, and home networking entertainment for home users. Based on thi s, System Restore was appeared for the first time. This makes your PC go back in time if you accidently install a program that affects your computer (Windows Home Microsoft Windows). On October 25, 2001, Window XP was released with better features, usability, and security, reliability, and performance. This help cooperate the use and emphasis of Help and Support; it is when you need help on one particular program. This operating system helped citizens understand viruses and mistrustful attachments that could damage your computer. Windows Media player became better in style, and the way it looks. In addition, it led to wireless connectivity, Windows Messenger, Remote Assistance, and 64-bit Edition (Windows Home Microsoft Windows). In 2006, Windows Vista was released; this provides the best security system you get, so you dont have to buy too much protection on your computer. You could buy a simple security system, and you would be fine. One feature was the Window Media Center; that was for entertainment. If you have TV Tuner, you could watch, pause, and record live TV. Another feature was the taskbar; they remade the Taskbar to look better and different from previous operating systems. Lastly, the network section became user friendly, so people could easily connect to any network that was unprotected, or their network. On October, 2009 Microsoft released Window 7; this feature was similar to Window Vista, yet it has more advantages. The main feature that Window 7 has is the Touch feature. This feature enabled you to touch the screen like the web browser and so forth if you have a touch screen computer. By 2010 during the fall, Windows 7 is selling seven copies a second-the fastest selling operating system in history (Windows Home Microsoft Windows). Examples of Operating System: MacOS MacOS is another example of Operating System. It is part of Apple and was created by Steve Jobs. The first version of MacOs was released in 1984; it was user friendly because you did not need to use the right click button on the mouse. Also, it did not have command line interface. After that, it released System 3.0, which could not tell the difference between lowercase and uppercase letters to System 5.0, which ran multiple programs at the same time. Four years later in 1988, System 6.0 came along; this could organize hard disks up to two GBs (gigabyte). This had multitasking capability and it provided word processes programs like WriteNow, MacWrite II, and Microsoft Word 4.0 (Operating System Reviews (History, Facts, Versions and Screenshots)). In May 1991, System 7 was released, and virtual memory was allowed to be used. This also helped display colors and incorporated a help section (the balloon), so the user did not have trouble using the interface. Based on this, System 7.5 appeared in 1994 with slightly better features. Some of the feature and benefits were bug fixes and storage drives could store use up to four GBs. In early 1997, they changed the name from System to MacOS 7.6. Performance improved a lot in the memory management and virtual memory. QuickTime Version 2.5, a pure image quality, was featured in this operating system. MacOS 8 was released on July 1997 and MacOS 9 on October 23, 1999. This lead to three different versions; they were: MacOS 8.1, MacOS 8.5, and MacOS 8.6 versions. In MacOS 8.1, information could be stored efficiently, and the system could handle up to two billion files! In MacOS 8.5, the speed became much better and the graphic display was fast by QuickDraw routines. Also, copying files speed was much faster than before. In 8.5, you had these kinds of applications: Finder 8.5 QuickTime Pro 3, Open Transport 2, Internet Explorer 4.01, Outlook Express 4.01, Netscape Navigator 4.0.5, Mac OS Runtime for Java 2.0 and File Exchange 3 (Operating System Reviews (History, Facts, Versions and Screenshots)). In MacOS 8.6, it improved the performance and supported the PowerPC G4 processor giving it the ability to multitask with the new features. In MacOS 9, they had 50 additional features, and This includes support for multiple users with password and access management for files and settings (Op erating System Reviews (History, Facts, Versions and Screenshots)). Your login could be use by voice, and the files could be encrypted for security. The final Operating System for Mac so far, but has different versions was MacOS X. The first version, 10.0 was released on March 2001; this help made the display look better and not as dull as before. Their icons were place in a docket at the bottom of the screen. Then, version MacOS X 10.1 was released; with this, The surface reacts quicker at user interaction, the system start was accelerated and the OpenGL performance increased noticeable (Operating System Reviews (History, Facts, Versions and Screenshots)). Mac OS X 10.3 began to have Graphic User Interface in metallic scheme and the finder (optimized). Mac OS X 10.4 had 200 features including Safari 2.0 (web browser). MacOS X 10.5 offered the user an enhanced user interface with virtual desktops, a fast file preview and Dock with 3D effect (Operating System Reviews (History, Facts, Versions and Screenshots)). MacOS X 10.6 (currently used today) improved performance, speed, and stability. It could support up to 16 TByte memory, i t is optimized for multi core processors, and is a pure 64-bit operating system. With the technology OpenCL graphics processor can speed up in specific applications calculations (Operating System Reviews (History, Facts, Versions and Screenshots)). Which Operating System do People use (Jobs, etc.)? Which one is recommended for you? Those are the examples of the operating system, so which operating system would companies, businesses, and governments, individuals, or schools would use. Companies, businesses, and governments like to use Microsoft Windows especially Windows XP because they used it for over five years. Also, they did want not upgrade to Vista because the security features it had would slow down the computer. Overall, they like to use Windows XP because they are simple and easy to use. Also, some companies, businesses, and governments would use UNIX if you a programmer or a computer scientist. For school, they like to stay up-to-date, so they would used Windows 7. For individuals, it is up to them what they want to use. If you are the kind of person who likes to play games, watch movies, and TV then you should consider Microsoft Windows. If you are a creative person meaning like to edit music, film, and design fields, then you should consider the MacOS. Overall, many people in the world uses differen t kinds of Operating System. Future of Operating System The future of Operating system would be quite interesting because since many people rely on technology, how would the future be like? One blog that was interesting was by Rafe Blandford. One fascinating thing he said that Social networking could possibility break out and become its own operating system. Operating systems will become more social as they marry context awareness, the Internet and your social connections. The information broadcast and received by your mobile device will be critical in connecting people in new and more immediate new ways (Blandford). The thing is we do not how the future is going to be, so you never know what it is going to be in the future (Blandford). Conclusion In conclusion, operating system is the one that lead to many different kinds of Operating System today such as UNIX, Microsoft Windows, and MacOs. Without it, then people have difficulties doing their errands. The main credit for doing all these is the mainframe operating system. Basically just one simple thing can lead to multiple things. UNIX is designed for Programmers and the screen is blank. Programmers have to input coding, so they could see the end result (the output). Microsoft Windows started from Windows 1.0 and eventually leading to Window 7 (Current as of now), and MacOS started from Systems 1.0 and working its way up to MacOs X 10.6 (Current as of now). The main idea is to show people that without operating systems, our life would not be the same and will be miserable. This is what helps make our life easier and not complicated. Work Cited Sources Blandford, Rafe. The future of the operating system. Nokia Conversation: The Official Nokia Blog. N.p., Apr 2010. Web. 9 Mar 2011. . Lunny, Casey. Operating Systems. N.p., 2003. Web. 9 Mar 2011. . Oak, Manali. Different Types of Operating Systems. Buzzle Web Portal: Intelligent Life on the Web. N.p., 2011. Web. 9 Mar 2011. . A History of Windows Microsoft Windows. Windows Home Microsoft Windows. Microsoft Corporation, 2011. Web. 9 Mar 2011. . Examples of Operating Systems. Calvin College Minds In The Making. Web. 08 Mar. 2011. . History of Operating Systems. History of Computer, Computer History Tracing the History of the Computer. Web. 08 Mar. 2011. . Mac OS Operating System. Operating System Reviews (History, Facts, Versions and Screenshots). N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Mar 2011. . The Creation of the UNIX Operating System: An Overview of the UNIX* Operating System.. Alcatel Lucent. Lucent Technologies, 2002. Web. 9 Mar 2011. . The History and Future of Microsoft Operating Systems: Windows ME. The Professional Resume of Joseph J. Hodsdon. 13 May 2008. Web. 08 Mar. 2011. . What Is a Mainframe Operating System?. WiseGEEK: Clear Answers for Common Questions. . N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Mar 2011. What is operating system? A Word Definition From the Webopedia Computer Dictionary. Webopedia: Online Computer Dictionary for Computer and Internet Terms and Definitions. . N.p., 2011. Web. 9 Mar 2011. . Which is Right for You? PC vs Mac. AOL. AOL Inc, 06 Aug 2009. Web. 9 Mar 2011. . z/OS basic skills information center. IBM. IBM Corporation, 2008. Web. 9 Mar 2011. .

Speech About Friendship Essay

Example of Short Speech About Friendship Good morning Sir and my fellow classmates. I am standing here to deliver an oration  speech about FRIENDSHIP and THE IMPORTANT ROLE THAT IT PLAYS IN OUR LIVES for 5 minutes. Firstly, let’s define friendship, WHAT IS FRIENDSHIP? †¦. well, friendship consists of true friends that can make you laugh when skies are the darkest , true friends that will even hurt you only if it’s for your own good, friends that will protect you under any circumstances and friends that will make you feel like you’re on the top of the world when you’re feeling crushed to the ground. My fellow audiences. Informative Speech About Friendship Have you ever noticed that when a friend is happy you find yourself happy too, even when it has nothing to do with you? A true friend is like a mirror. Do you know why ? its because they reflect yourself. When I say that, I mean by emotionally, spiritually and much more. When you’re happy, they’re happy and when you’re sad, they’re feeling pretty much the same way you’re feeling too. People nowadays , in this modern life have lost sight of what a true friendship and love  is. Friends do not have to be exactly the same, I mean, friends do have similarities but they also have their differences. The key to opening up the world of friendship is not just to focus on the similarities but to accept each other’s faults because true friends do not judge each other. Friends love unconditionally. They do have their little angry long moments from time to time but at the end of the day all is forgiven and forgotten. True friends are very rare to find bu t once you’ve found them, don’t let them go because not everyone has true friends even if they’re popular and famous. I hope all of you as my audience get the true meaning of friends because it’s wonderful to be with such amazing friends. Works Cited â€Å"Friendship and Reason.† Thinking about Friendship (n.d.): n. pag. Web. Horowitz, Rosalind. Talking Texts: How Speech and Writing Interact in School Learning. Mahwah, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates, 2007. Print. â€Å"Speech on Friendship for Students in Simple and Easy Words.† Manuscript  Speech on Friendship for Students in Simple and Easy Words. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2016. Friendship from Wikipedia  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendship

Progesterone For Maintenance Tocolytic Therapy after Threatened Preterm Labour Essay

What was the sampling technique used and what are the advantages and disadvantages of using that technique? The researchers used a two-stage sampling method that was non-random in the first stage and randomized in the second stage. The total population was made up of 137 patients who were admitted for preterm labour. Selection from this initial population was non-random because there were exclusion criteria. The seventy women included were randomised to their treatment groups by assigning randomly generated numbers. The main advantage of using the technique was its simplicity and straightforwardness. Every individual who fit the inclusion criteria had equal chance of being selected. The disadvantage of the technique was that there was bias in the initial selection. Such bias could have affected the accuracy of the experiment. Was there randomisation? There was randomisation in the second stage of sampling, where all those women who fit the inclusion criteria were part of the sampling population. Randomisation was done by generating random numbers and assigning numbers to the women included in the study. Was it biased? There were several sources of bias in the study. The fact that the patients were all from the same clinic is already in itself introducing bias. The study was not double blind, which could also be a source of bias. The use of exclusion criteria in the first stage of sampling lessened the bias. In the second stage of sampling, efforts were done to further remove bias by assigning treatment to all included patients. No patient also left the study, thus further reducing bias. Describe the validity and power of the study Based on the researchers’ desired results, the statistical power of the study for improving latency was initially calculated be 80% with an assumption of getting standard deviation (SD) of 12 days at 5% level of significance. However, when their results came out, the power was calculated to be lower (value for this was not presented in the paper). By checking the means and SD for latency, and assuming a two-tailed analysis, power was calculated to be 51% only. This could be attributed to the high standard deviation that could in turn be due to the relatively small number of samples tested. In other similar studies, the sample population is much higher. For example, another study testing the effect of vaginal progesterone on preterm birth used 413 women (Eduardo B. Da Fonseca, et al. , 2007). Despite the low statistical power, the results presented here are valid as preliminary data on the supplementation of tocolytic therapy with vaginal progesterone to control preterm labour. The study was able to show that progesterone treatment had an effect on the other outcomes that were measured (please refer to Table 2 in the text). Background information of the hypothesis Progesterone is a steroid hormone that is widely used in hormone replacement therapy in menopausal women. It is also used to induce menstruation in women who suddenly stop menstruating. Its capacity to control preterm labour was first reported in the 1980s. Oral administration of progesterone induces side effects like migraine, dizziness, vomiting and blurred vision. This was the usual mode of administration of progesterone, which was proven effective to reduce preterm labour (Meis, et al. , 2003). Since 2003, studies have reported on the use of progesterone vaginal suppository to treat preterm labour (E. B. Da Fonseca, Bittar, Carvalho, & Zugaib, 2003) and even in high risk women (Eduardo B. Da Fonseca, et al. , 2007). Until this current study, there were no previous reports on the use of progesterone to supplement tocolytic therapy, using magnesium sulphate and intravenous ampicillin, on women who actually had preterm labour. Hypothesis of the study Null hypothesis: The use of vaginal progesterone after inhibition of preterm labour will not change latency period and recurrence of preterm labour. Alternate hypothesis (what the study really wants to prove): After the inhibition of preterm labour, treatment with vaginal progesterone will result in increased latency period and decreased recurrence of preterm labour. Methodology The study was conducted on 70 women who were had arrested uterine activity after they were treated for premature labour. The women were randomized to two groups; one was administered vaginal progesterone and the other, a placebo, until delivery. Subjects were monitored for days to latency until delivery, recurring preterm labour and other primary and secondary outcomes. Different statistical tests were used to determine if the treatments resulted in significantly different outcomes. Comparisons were done using Student’s t-test for quantitative data; chi-square and Fisher exact tests, among others, were used for categorical data. Conclusion of the study The study concluded that the use of vaginal progesterone after tocolytic therapy was effective in increasing latency to delivery but not in decreasing the incidence of recurrence of preterm labour. Is it a valid assumption based on the data of the study? Describe the applicability and relevance of the paper to clinical practice. The conclusion is valid based on the data of the study. The paper and the results presented are applicable and relevant to clinical practice because it proposes a new means of treating preterm labour for increased latency. Although the recurrence of preterm labour appeared not to be reduced with the treatment, this could be due to the advanced stage of the pregnancy when the preterm labour occurred or due to the small sampling population. It is significant to note that this is the first to report on the supplementation of tocolytic therapy with vaginal progesterone. Further studies can also be done to validate the results.

Research Paper on Entrepreneurs

Research Paper on Entrepreneurs Sample Research Paper on Entrepreneurs Abstract The paper is a case study analysis of Jurys Inn Hotel and Ryanair Ltd. The research offers a business overview of the companies, their formation and their organizational structure. The analysis examines the management philosophy of innovation and the reasons why the companies have become so successful. The study investigates the innovations introduced by the management of Jurys Inn hotel so as to make it efficient and competitive within the industry. It also looks at the innovations implemented by the management of Ryanair so as to create a competitive advantage for the airline. The case study explains the role of entrepreneurship in the development of both companies and the fundamental reasons behind their success. The model concepts of both the airline and the hotel are also examined and explained in the endeavor to relate them to the success of both organizations. Jurys Inn Hotel William Jury-Entrepreneur The founder of the Jurys Doyle Hotel Group was a commercial traveler who identified an opportunity and established an inn that was aimed at serving the sector in which he was working. In 1839 the commercial traveler ventured into the entrepreneurial world by opening an Inn at Dublin College green which was later named the Commercial and Family Hotel. William Jury was an ambitious entrepreneur who constantly identified new opportunities, a fact that led to a partnership that led to the building of a new hotel known as the Shelbourne hotel. William sold the original inn at Dublin’s green college to his cousin Henry who was also a gifted entrepreneur. Henry Jury worked hard and the Commercial and Family Hotel grew significantly during his time leading to the name change to Jurys hotel. After the Second World War the Hotel which had been requisitioned by the British military was now vacant and deserted until some Irish entrepreneurs invested in the business and kept the Jury name. The businessmen invested in more hotel properties in Dublin and the tourist boom at the time encouraged them to invest in other areas such as Westport in 1970 and Sligo in the following year (Creaton, 2004). In the mid to the late seventies the tourist boom came to an end just at the time the company was making huge investments into an expansion plan and in addition the company was facing a high degree of competition from the Doyle group and it faced a uncertain future. This resulted in a complete disbandment of the organization through a sale of assets and the formulation of a new Jurys hotel group with additional investors. The new strategy of the new organization was based on the acquisition of three lucrative properties from the Intercontinental Hotels group based in the Cork, Limerick and Ballsbridge (Bergsman, 2006). Hotel Chain Overview Currently the chain of hotels is owned by Quinlan Private Venture Capital Company owned by Derek Quinlan who bought in 2007 from the Jurys Doyle Hotel Group. The hotel group was founded in Dublin Ireland back in 1881 by William Jury who initially set out to start a boarding house. The first major investment in the hotel chain was made in 1964 by PV Doyle and was named the Montrose and is located in Stillorgan in the city of Dublin. The Doyle group in Dublin, Washington DC and London hotel were consolidated in 1999 to form the now enlarged the Jurys Doyle Hotel Group. The hotel chain is known for its unique Jurys Inn concept which has seen the opening of hotels in the following areas: Jurys Inn Cork Jurys Inn Manchester Jurys Inn Limerick Jurys Inn London Jurys Inn Custom House Jurys Inn Edinburgh Jurys Inn Belfast The company also has invested in conventional hotels as part of its expansion strategy within the United Kingdom from 2001and they include: In 2001 the group acquired the Birmingham based Chamberlain hotels The hotel chain opened the Jurys Inn in Newcastle The Jurys Inn Croydon was opened in 2002 Jurys Inn in Leeds was opened in 2004 Jurys Inn in Glasgow was opened Jurys Inn Chelsea Jurys Inn Southampton Jurys Inn Heathrow-2004 Jurys Inn Parnell Street-2004 Jurys Inn Liverpool-2008 Jurys Inn Plymouth-2008 Jurys Inn Nottingham-2005 Jurys Inn Brighton-2009 Jurys Inn Swindon-2008 Jurys Inn Derby-2009 The hotel chain is one the leading hotel groups within the republic of Ireland and has an ambitious international expansion strategy. The Jurys Doyle Hotel Group has thirty hotels in the United Kingdom, Ireland and the United States. The major part of the revenues earned by the hotel comes from the home base of Ireland. In the market, the fastest developing segment is that of the United Kingdom where the hotel has opened fifteen hotels since 1990.Withinn the United States the hotel chain has three investments and is conducting market surveys with a view of expanding in the region. The hotel chain has come with new strategies that involve a shift in portfolio from the three star Inn concept to the higher market segment of four star and five star hotels. The Jurys Doyle Hotel Group has categorized its services under two core brands, the inn brand concept which is mid priced and the four star concept which targets a higher end market (Clark, Andrew.2006). The company has also managed to acquire several five star properties which include: The Towers in Dublin The Berkeley Court The Westbury After acquisition by the private capital venture group the hotel chain has an ambitious development program that involves more expansion in the United States and the addition of 1500 rooms. The Jurys Doyle Hotel Group is a registered company in the London and Irish stock exchanges and abides by the regulations that control publicly listed companies. The hotel chain had 8000 rooms by the financial year ending 2011 and is continuously expanding its operations. It offers a wide variety of services which include: Conference facilities Business centers Bed and breakfast accommodation, Mobile phone network High Speed internet access Currency exchange Baby Sitting services Car rental 24 hour reception, Parking facilities Flexible check in/out services Room service The Jury Inn Model Concept: The Budget Hotel Approach The hotel chain still follows the concept applied by William Jury even after changing ownership hands severally. Jury wanted to satisfy a market need and used his entrepreneurial skills to satisfy this need. The hotel was established to serve the needs of commercial travelers. This involved giving the customers value for money by offering clean and comfortable rooms at a price that is affordable. In addition the Inns are located at strategic points that are near major transportation systems such as airports, bus and train terminus. This was a meant to tap into this target market by incorporating a high level of convenience (Creaton, 2004). The hotel has targeted the three star hotel customer base since its inception and this has led to the current success being experienced by the Jurys Doyle Hotel Group. The three star hotel brand is a concept that heavily relies on central convenient locations and value based services that are flexible in nature. The hotel chain has managed to align its brand portfolio with the expectations of the customer. For over a hundred years the hotel chain has been synonymous with affordable excellent service to the business traveler. The management has been able to apply the appropriate entrepreneurial skills necessary to sustain the business model even through difficult and trying times. The Jurys hotel brand has been based on a budget hotel concept and has managed to offer professional but limited services to travelers and other customers for over a hundred year. Studies have shown that the budget model is now very popular in the hospitality industry especially during the global economic sl owdown that has seen problems in both the United States and in Europe (Walsh, 2004). The current statistics show that in both the united and in Europe, budget hotels make up seventy percent of hotels. The Jurys Inn model was a pioneer in conceptualizing this model and serving a niche market at the time which has now become the main market. Management Innovation Managerial entrepreneurship has been a key component of the success seen at the Jurys Doyle Hotel Group. The management has been able to adapt to the business environment by applying the right expansion and acquisition strategies at the right time and in the right manner. The budget hotel in concept has been implemented and managed effectively leading to the stable growth of the company in the last four decades. The management at Jurys has been able to offer innovative services based on the service concept within the hospitality industry. In essence the service concept incorporates the â€Å"what† and â€Å"how† of service design and at the same time aligns the strategies of the organization and the needs of the customer. The management of the hotel chain has been able to use innovative pricing to attract different market segments based on a flexible system that is season and service oriented (Chitium, 2004) The hotel chain offers no frills in its establishments and thi s enables it to lower rates for its customers. The business traveler has become the main customer for the Jurys Inn and prices are set according to the services and the needs of a particular customer. Only the in accommodation does the hotel have a standard standing charge, because all the other services are optional depending on the wishes of the customer. Another value added innovation is the location of the hotels in the most convenient place for both business travelers and tourists. The hotel is has Inns in Heathrow airport and the hotels at Glasgow and Birmingham are suitably located near big near public transport systems and international convention centers (Braiden, 2009). By these actions the management has ensured that the hotel chain has tapped into the tourist and business traveler market. Those attending international conferences in Glasgow can seek accommodation at the Jurys Inn in the area and enjoy the competitive prices offered at the establishment. The management ha s innovatively used information technology to make it convenient for customers to make reservations and make inquiries about the services offered by hotel chain. The use of technology has been an important service based innovation for the hotel chain and offers: Customized and automatic wake up systems In room pay per view television Personal computers Electronic door locks Modem computer connection Video check out services It based business centre It must be noted that all these services are offered at different Jurys Inn establishments depending on the needs of the customers. The rooms have been modernized to include high speed internet access as a value added service in line with five star industry standards. The rooms have customized dà ©cor for those couples who are on their honey moon or on romantic holidays who select to stay in budget hotels for financial reasons. The management has also implemented flexible check in and checkout policies that are convenient and which accommodate the needs of both tourists and travelers. The managers at the hotel chain have instituted these innovations through the use of customer surveys and research that indicates the reasons why customers select to stay at Jurys Inn. This enables the management to come up with a service design for particular establishments where they note unique customer trends and behavior. Studies show that organizations that are successful must be fully aware of t he preferences of their customers and consequently develop their services according to the targets of the market. Due to its long history in the sector the management has had used the experience to add only those innovations that reflect on the bottom line. Research has shown that service innovation is an essential component of market differentiation and can be a distinct competitive advantage in the hospitality industry (Schall, 2003). The company has implemented business centers in some of the Inns within London to cater for the small scale business traveler. The management has innovatively used training to ensure that the staff is an additional value to the services of the hotel. The staff is taught crucial interpersonal skills that cater to the needs of the customers. The management has instituted a Jurys reward system that benefits frequent travelers who stay at the Inns. This is meant to reward loyal customers and to build lasting relationships with them. They earn points depe nding on the number of visits to the hotel and they can exchange this points for free nights or high street vouchers that can be used in high end shops and restaurants within London. The role of entrepreneurship in the Development of Jurys Doyle Hotel Group The hotel industry has been characterized by intense competition after the Second World War and the stabilization of the global economy. Changing customer preferences and the rapid advances in technology have seen hospitality organizations apply entrepreneurial concepts to develop their establishments and remain competitive in the long term. The issue of success by the Jurys hotel chain group is tied to service innovation where the hotel chain used new ideas and concepts to target a niche market. The founder of the hotels saw an opportunity to serve business travelers by giving them affordable services in a comfortable, convenient and safe environment. This ensured that the hotel chain created a niche for itself within the market in Ireland. William Jury was an entrepreneur who conceived an idea and worked towards its implementation. The founder of the hotel chain had an entrepreneurial self employment mind set which helped develop the small bed and breakfast at Dublin green college to a reputable budget hotel. The hotel was designed according to the owner’s vision, which was to build an establishment that would efficiently cater to the needs of the commercial traveler. The Jurys hotel faced collapse during the Second World War when the British army had taken over the premises. A group of Irish entrepreneurs then saw the potential of the Inns and invested in the business once more, because they identified the opportunities provided by the low cost traveler. This entrepreneurial spirit was the catalyst that led to the development and success of the hotel chain since its inception. The concept of entrepreneurial leadership provided by management has led to the high level of service innovation seen in the hotel chain. The leadership of the hotel chain noted earlier on that the differences between low budget hotels and their more high end counterparts was becoming narrower as the big players employed competitive strategies that lowered prices significantly. The hotel chain was struggling to differentiate itself as budget hotel, because of the price strategy of four and five star establishments and the management implemented a service concept strategy that was characterized by an increase in services offered so that in the end it ended up as a mid market establishment with the competitive pricing of a low end budget hotel. Entrepreneurship requires the taking of risks which is also evident in Jurys Inn’s ambitious expansion strategy that has seen the chain grow to thirty hotels within two decades. Organizations that are led by entrepreneurs are constantly looking to break new ground in their quest to dominate the market and offer first class services to their customers. Ryan Air: Budget Airline Case Study Analysis The low budget airline was formed in 1985 and has its headquarters at Dublin airport. The airline has a strategy that involves the use of the Boeing 737-800 model in all its flights. One of the objectives of the airline was to increase the number of tourists visiting Ireland. The company has had an ambitious expansion strategy in its quest to attain a larger market share and to improve on its capabilities. The expansion plans are also meant to satisfy the target market which requires an investment into more routes. The company began its operations by flying from Waterford to London. In 1997 the company went public and used the new financing to expand into the European market. The profit revenue has risen from 231 million dollars in 1998 to 339 million Euros in 2010. Tony Ryan, Christopher Ryan and Liam Lonergan formed the airline in order to satisfy a market need and to break the duopoly of Aer Lingus and British airways (Riegel, 2010). After the deregulation of the airline industry the company added a new route in 1986 and begun to compete directly with British airways by flying from Dublin to Luton. The company had been able to meet the industry standards and was allowed by the British government to fly across Europe. The airline did well for the next four years but by 19991 it was in trouble and needed restructuring. An innovative manager known as Michael O’Leary was given the task of turning around the fortunes of the airline. He came up with a new strategy of combining low fares with quick around times as a way of reducing costs and increasing revenue. This was a critical time for the company as the new CEO discovered that the company could effectively compete within the European air market by offering cheap frills and low cost fares. The company used regional airports that were less expensive and this allowed it to charge low fares that attracted the budget traveler. By the year 1995 Ryan air had carried 2.5 million passengers and was on its way to becoming the largest low budget carrier in Europe. Ryan air used only one model of Boeing 737-800 aircraft to expand into Europe in the most effective low cost strategy possible. The company operated roots near Paris, Stockholm and near Brussels as it penetrated the European market. In its expansion plans the company ordered a record 155 Boeing planes which were to be delivered in eight years from 2002. In 2003 the company demonstrated a great deal of confidence in its business model by ordering 100 more planes in line with its vision of low budget market dominance. In the same year the company acquired a low budget competitor Buzz which added to its flight capabilities and added sixty new routes to its portfolio. The 2004 season also saw trying times for the airline industry and Ryanair posted a loss of three million Euros. After this turbulent time only two major European players remained Ryanair and Easy jet. The stock of the company has grown by over fifty percent and in 2009 t he CEO Michael O’Leary announced that the company was moving into the long haul flight sector .They strategy involved charging low fares and the addition of a business class category of passengers who were going to pay a higher premium for the extra comfort and services. This was meant to enable the airline to compete effectively with carriers such as Virgin Atlantic. Ryan Air: Low Budget Concept One of the reasons why the low budget carrier has been so successful is due to the reason that the management has been very good at negotiating with airport authorities. This enabled the company to lower the cost of doing business and made it competitive when it came to charging low fares. The model involves the use of fewer crew members so as to reduce the costs in a flight. The Ryan air business model involves the use of one type of aircraft in all flights. This reduces the cost of maintenance and ensures maximum efficiency as pilots and crews get used to the mechanism of the model. The use of one model also reduces staff training costs and the cost of obtaining spares. The Ryan business model is based on a cost reduction strategy so as to remain competitive within the industry. One of the strategies that the company uses is outsourcing whereby it engages the services of other companies in activities that are not part of its core business. As mentioned the company negotiated for low airport charges and flexible route policies that give it leverage when it comes to operational agility. The cost strategy also involves the hiring of only essential staff and the managing of any other staff costs (Bamber et al., 2009). The company pays low wages but has a pay structure that is performance related which acts as a motivation. The CEO of Ryan air came up with a strategy that enhances the turnaround time making the company more efficient in its flights. The company utilizes regional airports where it can use its bargaining power to negotiate favorable deals with regard to airport charges. The airline operates from point to point and does not incur costs when it comes to connecting passengers. The company has been able to effectively keep its marketing costs down by using the internet and utilizing the most effective magazines and electronic media. The company has used a no frills strategy as a way for improving the productivity and efficiency of the airline. This involves the streamlining of in flight services such as food and drinks and the seat allocation method. Customers are charged for those in flight services that they utilize and employees are paid for the amount of sales that they make while on board. This enhances the efficiency of the company in terms of efficiency. The low costs strategy gives the company the opportunity to concentrate its efforts in adding the volume of customers and not the passenger margins. This approach then transcends to a customer oriented strategy that ensures that the company focuses on meeting their needs. The Ryan air business model has been characterized by high service performance which is marked by high rates of flight completion, a high rate of punctuality and a low rate of baggage loss (Hensdill, 2002). This performance levels enable the company to have a highs level of adaptability and agility when it comes to operating in a highly competitive environment. The model has been characterized by the efficient utilization of planes which has resulted in longer aircraft use, which has led to a lowering of costs when it comes to the purchase of new planes. In other words the company optimizes the use of the aircraft. Ryan air also engages in fuel hedging so as to shield its operations from the constant fluctuation in global oil prices. Aer Lingus Tony Ryan was an entrepreneur who worked for the Aer Lingus Group Plc but then moved on to start Ryanair. Aer Lingus airline is one of the major rivals of Ryanair and was the training ground for Tony Ryan who had risen to be an executive in Ireland’s oldest extant airline. The entrepreneur used the knowledge and contacts he had gained at Aer Lingus to start a low budget carrier that became a direct competitor at Dublin airport. One of Tony Ryan’s objectives in starting Ryanair was to end the dominance of Aer Lingus in the Waterford-Dublin route. The competition between Aer Lingus and Ryanair was fierce as the young airline attempted to increase its market share through a pricing strategy. Ryanair eventually dominated the low cost carrier and owns a 29.4% stake in its rival Aer Lingus. Aer Lingus gave Tony Ryan the experience he needed to make Ryanair a success. Negative Publicity The company has also receives negative media press, because of some of its policies and attitudes. It constantly gets into disputes with airports over terminal charges because of unreasonable demands from its officials. The company has faced costly route battles with its main rival Easy Jet. The CEO has also been accused of arrogance and courting negative publicity as a tool of promotion. The company constantly makes wilds proposals like charging for toilet use or charging more for overweight people only to claim it was a joke. Management Innovation Innovation management in the Ryanair model has been characterized by an emphasis on the systematic processes used to develop the services offered by the airline. This involved a high degree of creativity that is in line with the needs of the customer and which matches the business strategies of the airline. The management of Ryanair has a strong history of using innovation to create a competitive advantage. As a matter of fact the whole Ryanair concept is founded on an innovative business model that made it possible for more people to afford flying. According to the CEO, Michael O’Leary the innovative strategy of Ryan is based on a notion of looking at business process and eliminating those things that increase costs and complicate operations. This essentially involves dissecting processes into components that are measurable and assessing their value to the customer in order to eliminate those that are not geared towards meeting the needs of the customers. Fundamentally this h as made Ryan Air one of the most cost effective businesses in the world. The basic idea is to concentrate on the core function of flying passengers from point A to point B. Before the company brought down the costs of traveling by air, flying was a preserve of those with means. This new model introduced by Ryan Air was based on taking the concept of flying to its bare essentials. The company begun by operating with two planes on two routes and used the lessons learnt to identify a market need and to innovatively address the practical challenges raised by the strategy. The use of the Boeing 737 is an innovative strategy that was pioneered by Ryan Air as part of its cost reduction strategy. The management was able to institute a single passenger class which is flexible and allows passengers to sit wherever they prefer (Riegel, 2010). Another noted innovative strategy is the use of direct ticket sales by the airline as a way of cutting out middle men and reducing the costs. This involves the use of the internet and the staff to sell the tickets to customers and this enables the company to charge very competitive fares, because it does not have to pay commissions to ticketing agents. The budget airline has also innovatively used information technology as a value added service on its flights. This is meant to support the business traveler to communicate and work while on board. The net revenue of in-flight internet use has increased by 472% since its implementation in 2001.The management at Ryanair have applied the concept of low budget transportation and reducing the services to the barest minimum as a way of enhancing their competitive advantage a small airline within Europe. The innovation strategy at the budget airline was heavily influenced by the changing needs of the customer, because of their increased sensitivity to pricing. Every cost reductive strategy found at Ryan Air is customer oriented and is meant to increase the volume of passengers by offering quick and affordable services. The role of entrepreneurship in the Development of Ryan Air The company was founded by the Irish businessmen Tony Ryan, Christopher Ryan and Liam Lonergan were entrepreneurs who saw an opportunity to serve a market need and looked for ways to get the resources required to fill this gap. One of the major characteristics of entrepreneurs is the fact that they take risks so as to achieve their goal. The two founders invested in a risky business that required a lot of capital and was under strict European regulation. The industry was also dominated by big airlines such as British airways that had the resources to stifle any competition. Entrepreneurship requires the use of innovation to come up with a product or service that is unique and which gives the organization a competitive advantage over others (Ruddock, 2007). The two founders practiced disruptive innovation which improved the access to flying within the European market after offering prices that could be afforded by a larger market. One of the major components of entrepreneurship is cha nge which the company has pursued and exploited. Entrepreneurs are able to take advantage of situations as was demonstrated when they European air market was deregulated and Ryanair positioned itself to expand its services by offering a product that was different from its competitors. Entrepreneurship at Ryanair has been characterized by the repositioning of an existing service in order to reach a new market segment. The company has had to make continuous innovations to its services and business model due to the challenges that exist within the industry. The company has had entrepreneurial leadership in the CEO. Michael OLeary has demonstrated skills that have seen the company expand into new markets and emerge from difficult times to experience success. When the company underwent challenges in the early nineties the CEO was able to change strategies and improve on existing services which made Ryanair more productive and efficient. One of the dimensions of entrepreneurship is proact iveness which in the business realm means being action oriented. Ryan Air is a company that operates in a highly competitive industry and it has had to continuously improve its services so as to remain competitive. The company is currently targeting the business traveler by offering a new business class service. This is because the business class target market has changed trends and the customers want more services at an affordable price. Ryanair is continuously looking for more opportunities that would add value to its services and which would increase its ability to compete. It seeks to introduce new services ahead of its rivals as has been illustrated by the introduction of business oriented long haul flights. It constantly applies strategies that remove operations that are declining as a way of reducing costs and in this regard the company only flies in strategic routes so as to maximize on profits and efficiency. Studies have shown that organizations with strong entrepreneurial orientations perform better, because they are able to deal with the challenges that face them in as more proactive manner. The leadership is not afraid to take calculated risks that are aimed at giving the company a competitive edge within the industry. Ryanair is a company that has survived and succeeded by competently and effectively studying the market and industry. The airline industry continuously analyzes the trends in the industry and the market so as to identify any notable changes that might require a change of strategy. After a critical analysis of the routes the company which enjoys a high level of flexibility can quickly negotiate with authorities for terminus expansion or can withdraw depending on its best interests. In its entrepreneurial nature the company has been able to expand into more tourist destinations since this is a lucrative market for budget airlines which have greatly benefitted from budget hotels. In its expansion plans in the past the company has appli ed an international strategy as part of its overall corporate strategy. Budget Airlines and Budget Hotels Jurys Inn and Ryanair Changing customer trends and a slowdown in the global economy has resulted in the development and expansion of low cost hotels and airlines. The two service industries have come together to serve a growing market need. Both industries are heavily associated with the tourism and travel sector and depend on low pricing and efficient services as key components of attracting and retaining customers. The Jurys Inn business model was created in order to serve the commercial traveler by offering lean comfortable and affordable accommodation. The low cost carriers also target the business traveler by offering quick, efficient and affordable flight services to this market. The philosophy behind low cost carriers like Ryan Air and low budget hotels like Jurys Inn is the emphasis on reducing the costs of doing business therefore allowing the organization to offer competitive prices. Market research has shown that the hospitality and airline industries are characterized by customers who are pric e sensitive. Both organizations were founded to satisfy a market need by making the travel experience of both tourists and business travelers more affordable. In the current business environment typified by intense competition, cost cutting strategies have become as important as other competitive strategies because only lean and efficient organizations are successful. The Jurys Inn business model is aimed at targeting the low cost traveler who is also the target for low cost carriers (Schall, 2003). The hotel chain allows customers to pay only for those services they want or need. The concept is marked by a high level of flexibility whereby the customer can pay for rooms in an hourly rate depending on their travel arrangements. This is very attractive to those business travelers and tourists who make stop-over’s that require only a few hours stay in a hotel. If they wish for more services like the use of the internet, food and drinks or room service then they pay for them directly. The Ryanair model also has a similar concept where passengers only pay those services that they prefer. When one pays for a flight, it is not inclusive of any other service, which then requires that that if they need extra services like food and drinks then they can pay for them on board. This concept allows both the airline and the hotel to charge competitive ra tes by offering the most basic services in a safe accommodative environment. One of the advantages of low-cost carriers and budget hotels is their ability to compete effectively with traditional rivals my minimizing the cost of doing business and raising capabilities in such a way that attracts the customer to prefer their services. The Ryan air concept is simply based on cheap efficient travel and it is meant for people whose main aim is to move from point A to B. The Jurys in model is directed at those customers whose main aim is comfortable and clean accommodation and not luxury. The two organizations have experienced their level of success due to the entrepreneurial spirit of their founders and subsequent management. The hotel chain has implemented a risky expansion strategy in the nineties that saw successful growth within the market segment. Ryanair at the same time was also implementing its international strategy and ordering over two hundred Boeing 737 planes to be delivered within the same decade. Entrepreneurship drove both organizations to apply innovative concepts that became a competitive advantage which led to sustainable growth. Innovation of services is the fundamental driver of both low cost airlines and budget hotels. The Jurys hotel business model was innovatively designed to serve tourists and business travelers from a convenient location near major transport systems like airports, train stations and bus terminus. This ensures that the hotel chain effectively taps into the travel and tourism market through convenience and competitive pricing. The Ryan Air concept has also used innovative strategies such as the quick turnaround policy to ensure that they have a higher level of efficiency that their competitors.